boston_corrected

Dataset statistics

Number of variables	20
Number of observations	506
Missing cells	0
Missing cells (%)	0.0%
Duplicate rows	0
Duplicate rows (%)	0.0%
Total size in memory	108.3 KiB
Average record size in memory	219.2 B

Variable types

Categorical	2
Numeric	18

Warnings

`TOWN` has a high cardinality: 92 distinct values	High cardinality
`MEDV` is highly correlated with `CMEDV`	High correlation
`CMEDV` is highly correlated with `MEDV`	High correlation
`RAD` is highly correlated with `TAX`	High correlation
`TAX` is highly correlated with `RAD`	High correlation
`TRACT` has unique values	Unique
`ZN` has 372 (73.5%) zeros	Zeros

Reproduction

Analysis started	2021-02-20 09:10:48.510233
Analysis finished	2021-02-20 09:12:06.018326
Duration	1 minute and 17.51 seconds
Software version	pandas-profiling v2.10.1
Download configuration	config.yaml

TOWN
Categorical

HIGH CARDINALITY

Distinct	92
Distinct (%)	18.2%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	33.2 KiB

Cambridge	30
Boston Savin Hill	23
Lynn	22
Boston Roxbury	19
Newton	18
Other values (87)	394

Length

Max length	23
Median length	9
Mean length	9.9743083
Min length	4

Characters and Unicode

Total characters	5047
Distinct characters	41
Distinct categories	4 ?
Distinct scripts	2 ?
Distinct blocks	1 ?

The Unicode Standard assigns character properties to each code point, which can be used to analyse textual variables.

Unique

Unique	17 ?
Unique (%)	3.4%

Sample

1st row	Nahant
2nd row	Swampscott
3rd row	Swampscott
4th row	Marblehead
5th row	Marblehead

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Cambridge	30	5.9%
Boston Savin Hill	23	4.5%
Lynn	22	4.3%
Boston Roxbury	19	3.8%
Newton	18	3.6%
Somerville	15	3.0%
Boston South Boston	13	2.6%
Boston East Boston	12	2.4%
Brookline	12	2.4%
Quincy	12	2.4%
Other values (82)	330	65.2%

Histogram of lengths of the category

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
boston	157	22.0%
cambridge	30	4.2%
hill	26	3.6%
savin	23	3.2%
roxbury	23	3.2%
lynn	22	3.1%
newton	18	2.5%
somerville	15	2.1%
south	13	1.8%
east	12	1.7%
Other values (87)	375	52.5%

Most occurring characters

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
o	618	12.2%
n	465	9.2%
t	389	7.7%
e	378	7.5%
a	270	5.3%
r	264	5.2%
s	254	5.0%
l	250	5.0%
B	220	4.4%
i	219	4.3%
Other values (31)	1720	34.1%

Most occurring categories

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Lowercase Letter	4109	81.4%
Uppercase Letter	722	14.3%
Space Separator	208	4.1%
Dash Punctuation	8	0.2%

Most frequent character per category

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
o	618	15.0%
n	465	11.3%
t	389	9.5%
e	378	9.2%
a	270	6.6%
r	264	6.4%
s	254	6.2%
l	250	6.1%
i	219	5.3%
d	134	3.3%
Other values (13)	868	21.1%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
B	220	30.5%
S	75	10.4%
W	65	9.0%
C	48	6.6%
H	44	6.1%
M	43	6.0%
R	42	5.8%
N	41	5.7%
L	31	4.3%
D	30	4.2%
Other values (6)	83	11.5%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	208	100.0%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
-	8	100.0%

Most occurring scripts

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Latin	4831	95.7%
Common	216	4.3%

Most frequent character per script

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
o	618	12.8%
n	465	9.6%
t	389	8.1%
e	378	7.8%
a	270	5.6%
r	264	5.5%
s	254	5.3%
l	250	5.2%
B	220	4.6%
i	219	4.5%
Other values (29)	1504	31.1%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	208	96.3%
-	8	3.7%

Most occurring blocks

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
ASCII	5047	100.0%

Most frequent character per block

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
o	618	12.2%
n	465	9.2%
t	389	7.7%
e	378	7.5%
a	270	5.3%
r	264	5.2%
s	254	5.0%
l	250	5.0%
B	220	4.4%
i	219	4.3%
Other values (31)	1720	34.1%

TOWNNO
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct	92
Distinct (%)	18.2%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	47.53162055
Minimum	0
Maximum	91
Zeros	1
Zeros (%)	0.2%
Memory size	4.1 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0
5-th percentile	4
Q1	26.25
median	42
Q3	78
95-th percentile	86.75
Maximum	91
Range	91
Interquartile range (IQR)	51.75

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	27.57140124
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.580064406
Kurtosis	-1.318219483
Mean	47.53162055
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	21.5
Skewness	0.03920476703
Sum	24051
Variance	760.1821665
Monotocity	Increasing

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
28	30	5.9%
83	23	4.5%
4	22	4.3%
82	19	3.8%
40	18	3.6%
27	15	3.0%
80	13	2.6%
59	12	2.4%
45	12	2.4%
79	12	2.4%
Other values (82)	330	65.2%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	1	0.2%
1	2	0.4%
2	3	0.6%
3	7	1.4%
4	22	4.3%
5	4	0.8%
6	2	0.4%
7	9	1.8%
8	4	0.8%
9	1	0.2%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
91	5	1.0%
90	8	1.6%
89	5	1.0%
88	4	0.8%
87	4	0.8%
86	7	1.4%
85	6	1.2%
84	11	2.2%
83	23	4.5%
82	19	3.8%

TRACT
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

UNIQUE

Distinct	506
Distinct (%)	100.0%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	2700.357708
Minimum	1
Maximum	5082
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	4.1 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	1
5-th percentile	430.5
Q1	1303.25
median	3393.5
Q3	3739.75
95-th percentile	4202.75
Maximum	5082
Range	5081
Interquartile range (IQR)	2436.5

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	1380.03811
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.5110575188
Kurtosis	-1.196098004
Mean	2700.357708
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	787
Skewness	-0.4358094348
Sum	1366381
Variance	1904505.185
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1	1	0.2%
3733	1	0.2%
3746	1	0.2%
3745	1	0.2%
3744	1	0.2%
3743	1	0.2%
3742	1	0.2%
3741	1	0.2%
3740	1	0.2%
3739	1	0.2%
Other values (496)	496	98.0%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1	1	0.2%
2	1	0.2%
3	1	0.2%
4	1	0.2%
5	1	0.2%
6	1	0.2%
7	1	0.2%
8	1	0.2%
101	1	0.2%
102	1	0.2%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
5082	1	0.2%
5081	1	0.2%
5071	1	0.2%
5062	1	0.2%
5061	1	0.2%
5052	1	0.2%
5051	1	0.2%
5041	1	0.2%
5031	1	0.2%
5022	1	0.2%

LON
Real number (ℝ)

Distinct	375
Distinct (%)	74.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	-71.05638874
Minimum	-71.2895
Maximum	-70.81
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	4.1 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	-71.2895
5-th percentile	-71.202375
Q1	-71.093225
median	-71.0529
Q3	-71.019625
95-th percentile	-70.936
Maximum	-70.81
Range	0.4795
Interquartile range (IQR)	0.0736

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	0.07540534773
Coefficient of variation (CV)	-0.001061204335
Kurtosis	1.108480767
Mean	-71.05638874
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0.0371
Skewness	-0.2053847315
Sum	-35954.5327
Variance	0.005685966467
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
-71.069	5	1.0%
-71.04	4	0.8%
-71.0455	4	0.8%
-71.02	4	0.8%
-71.075	4	0.8%
-71.055	4	0.8%
-71.059	4	0.8%
-71.03	4	0.8%
-71.034	3	0.6%
-71.046	3	0.6%
Other values (365)	467	92.3%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
-71.2895	1	0.2%
-71.2807	1	0.2%
-71.269	1	0.2%
-71.2685	1	0.2%
-71.263	1	0.2%
-71.262	1	0.2%
-71.2575	1	0.2%
-71.255	1	0.2%
-71.2475	1	0.2%
-71.247	1	0.2%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
-70.81	1	0.2%
-70.83	2	0.4%
-70.833	1	0.2%
-70.8525	1	0.2%
-70.853	1	0.2%
-70.855	1	0.2%
-70.86	1	0.2%
-70.8875	1	0.2%
-70.9075	1	0.2%
-70.915	1	0.2%

LAT
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct	376
Distinct (%)	74.3%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	42.21644032
Minimum	42.03
Maximum	42.381
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	4.1 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	42.03
5-th percentile	42.10745
Q1	42.180775
median	42.2181
Q3	42.25225
95-th percentile	42.31985
Maximum	42.381
Range	0.351
Interquartile range (IQR)	0.071475

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	0.06177718406
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.001463344223
Kurtosis	0.1040024903
Mean	42.21644032
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0.03625
Skewness	-0.08667859819
Sum	21361.5188
Variance	0.00381642047
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
42.23	5	1.0%
42.192	4	0.8%
42.245	4	0.8%
42.2075	4	0.8%
42.188	4	0.8%
42.225	3	0.6%
42.223	3	0.6%
42.2275	3	0.6%
42.235	3	0.6%
42.224	3	0.6%
Other values (366)	470	92.9%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
42.03	1	0.2%
42.0485	1	0.2%
42.052	1	0.2%
42.059	2	0.4%
42.0675	1	0.2%
42.0725	2	0.4%
42.0735	1	0.2%
42.0775	2	0.4%
42.0795	1	0.2%
42.0825	1	0.2%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
42.381	1	0.2%
42.374	1	0.2%
42.3715	2	0.4%
42.3525	1	0.2%
42.346	2	0.4%
42.345	2	0.4%
42.3425	1	0.2%
42.34	1	0.2%
42.339	1	0.2%
42.3382	1	0.2%

MEDV
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct	229
Distinct (%)	45.3%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	22.53280632
Minimum	5
Maximum	50
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	4.1 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	5
5-th percentile	10.2
Q1	17.025
median	21.2
Q3	25
95-th percentile	43.4
Maximum	50
Range	45
Interquartile range (IQR)	7.975

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	9.197104087
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.408165053
Kurtosis	1.495196944
Mean	22.53280632
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	4
Skewness	1.108098408
Sum	11401.6
Variance	84.58672359
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
50	16	3.2%
25	8	1.6%
21.7	7	1.4%
22	7	1.4%
23.1	7	1.4%
20.6	6	1.2%
19.4	6	1.2%
13.8	5	1.0%
22.6	5	1.0%
21.2	5	1.0%
Other values (219)	434	85.8%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
5	2	0.4%
5.6	1	0.2%
6.3	1	0.2%
7	2	0.4%
7.2	3	0.6%
7.4	1	0.2%
7.5	1	0.2%
8.1	1	0.2%
8.3	2	0.4%
8.4	2	0.4%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
50	16	3.2%
48.8	1	0.2%
48.5	1	0.2%
48.3	1	0.2%
46.7	1	0.2%
46	1	0.2%
45.4	1	0.2%
44.8	1	0.2%
44	1	0.2%
43.8	1	0.2%

CMEDV
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct	228
Distinct (%)	45.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	22.52885375
Minimum	5
Maximum	50
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	4.1 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	5
5-th percentile	10.2
Q1	17.025
median	21.2
Q3	25
95-th percentile	43.4
Maximum	50
Range	45
Interquartile range (IQR)	7.975

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	9.182175882
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.4075740374
Kurtosis	1.516783448
Mean	22.52885375
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	4
Skewness	1.11091185
Sum	11399.6
Variance	84.31235393
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
50	16	3.2%
25	8	1.6%
21.7	7	1.4%
23.1	7	1.4%
19.4	6	1.2%
20.6	6	1.2%
22	6	1.2%
17.8	5	1.0%
21.2	5	1.0%
19.3	5	1.0%
Other values (218)	435	86.0%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
5	2	0.4%
5.6	1	0.2%
6.3	1	0.2%
7	2	0.4%
7.2	3	0.6%
7.4	1	0.2%
7.5	1	0.2%
8.1	1	0.2%
8.2	1	0.2%
8.3	2	0.4%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
50	16	3.2%
48.8	1	0.2%
48.5	1	0.2%
48.3	1	0.2%
46.7	1	0.2%
46	1	0.2%
45.4	1	0.2%
44.8	1	0.2%
44	1	0.2%
43.8	1	0.2%

CRIM
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct	504
Distinct (%)	99.6%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	3.613523557
Minimum	0.00632
Maximum	88.9762
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	4.1 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0.00632
5-th percentile	0.02791
Q1	0.082045
median	0.25651
Q3	3.6770825
95-th percentile	15.78915
Maximum	88.9762
Range	88.96988
Interquartile range (IQR)	3.5950375

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	8.601545105
Coefficient of variation (CV)	2.380376098
Kurtosis	37.13050913
Mean	3.613523557
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0.22145
Skewness	5.223148798
Sum	1828.44292
Variance	73.9865782
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.01501	2	0.4%
14.3337	2	0.4%
0.57834	1	0.2%
0.06127	1	0.2%
0.03548	1	0.2%
0.1403	1	0.2%
0.03705	1	0.2%
0.95577	1	0.2%
0.11747	1	0.2%
0.03537	1	0.2%
Other values (494)	494	97.6%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.00632	1	0.2%
0.00906	1	0.2%
0.01096	1	0.2%
0.01301	1	0.2%
0.01311	1	0.2%
0.0136	1	0.2%
0.01381	1	0.2%
0.01432	1	0.2%
0.01439	1	0.2%
0.01501	2	0.4%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
88.9762	1	0.2%
73.5341	1	0.2%
67.9208	1	0.2%
51.1358	1	0.2%
45.7461	1	0.2%
41.5292	1	0.2%
38.3518	1	0.2%
37.6619	1	0.2%
28.6558	1	0.2%
25.9406	1	0.2%

ZN
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

ZEROS

Distinct	26
Distinct (%)	5.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	11.36363636
Minimum	0
Maximum	100
Zeros	372
Zeros (%)	73.5%
Memory size	4.1 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0
5-th percentile	0
Q1	0
median	0
Q3	12.5
95-th percentile	80
Maximum	100
Range	100
Interquartile range (IQR)	12.5

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	23.32245299
Coefficient of variation (CV)	2.052375864
Kurtosis	4.031510084
Mean	11.36363636
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0
Skewness	2.225666323
Sum	5750
Variance	543.9368137
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=26)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	372	73.5%
20	21	4.2%
80	15	3.0%
12.5	10	2.0%
25	10	2.0%
22	10	2.0%
40	7	1.4%
30	6	1.2%
45	6	1.2%
90	5	1.0%
Other values (16)	44	8.7%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	372	73.5%
12.5	10	2.0%
17.5	1	0.2%
18	1	0.2%
20	21	4.2%
21	4	0.8%
22	10	2.0%
25	10	2.0%
28	3	0.6%
30	6	1.2%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
100	1	0.2%
95	4	0.8%
90	5	1.0%
85	2	0.4%
82.5	2	0.4%
80	15	3.0%
75	3	0.6%
70	3	0.6%
60	4	0.8%
55	3	0.6%

INDUS
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct	76
Distinct (%)	15.0%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	11.13677866
Minimum	0.46
Maximum	27.74
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	4.1 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0.46
5-th percentile	2.18
Q1	5.19
median	9.69
Q3	18.1
95-th percentile	21.89
Maximum	27.74
Range	27.28
Interquartile range (IQR)	12.91

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	6.860352941
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.6160087358
Kurtosis	-1.233539601
Mean	11.13677866
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	6.32
Skewness	0.2950215679
Sum	5635.21
Variance	47.06444247
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
18.1	132	26.1%
19.58	30	5.9%
8.14	22	4.3%
6.2	18	3.6%
21.89	15	3.0%
9.9	12	2.4%
3.97	12	2.4%
10.59	11	2.2%
8.56	11	2.2%
5.86	10	2.0%
Other values (66)	233	46.0%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.46	1	0.2%
0.74	1	0.2%
1.21	1	0.2%
1.22	1	0.2%
1.25	2	0.4%
1.32	1	0.2%
1.38	1	0.2%
1.47	2	0.4%
1.52	4	0.8%
1.69	2	0.4%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
27.74	5	1.0%
25.65	7	1.4%
21.89	15	3.0%
19.58	30	5.9%
18.1	132	26.1%
15.04	3	0.6%
13.92	5	1.0%
13.89	4	0.8%
12.83	6	1.2%
11.93	5	1.0%

CHAS
Categorical

Distinct	2
Distinct (%)	0.4%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	28.8 KiB

0	471
1	35

Length

Max length	1
Median length	1
Mean length	1
Min length	1

Characters and Unicode

Total characters	506
Distinct characters	2
Distinct categories	1 ?
Distinct scripts	1 ?
Distinct blocks	1 ?

The Unicode Standard assigns character properties to each code point, which can be used to analyse textual variables.

Unique

Unique	0 ?
Unique (%)	0.0%

Sample

1st row	0
2nd row	0
3rd row	0
4th row	0
5th row	0

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	471	93.1%
1	35	6.9%

Histogram of lengths of the category

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	471	93.1%
1	35	6.9%

Most occurring characters

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	471	93.1%
1	35	6.9%

Most occurring categories

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Decimal Number	506	100.0%

Most frequent character per category

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	471	93.1%
1	35	6.9%

Most occurring scripts

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Common	506	100.0%

Most frequent character per script

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	471	93.1%
1	35	6.9%

Most occurring blocks

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
ASCII	506	100.0%

Most frequent character per block

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	471	93.1%
1	35	6.9%

NOX
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct	81
Distinct (%)	16.0%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	0.5546950593
Minimum	0.385
Maximum	0.871
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	4.1 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0.385
5-th percentile	0.40925
Q1	0.449
median	0.538
Q3	0.624
95-th percentile	0.74
Maximum	0.871
Range	0.486
Interquartile range (IQR)	0.175

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	0.1158776757
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.2089033853
Kurtosis	-0.06466713337
Mean	0.5546950593
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0.0875
Skewness	0.7293079225
Sum	280.6757
Variance	0.01342763572
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.538	23	4.5%
0.713	18	3.6%
0.437	17	3.4%
0.871	16	3.2%
0.624	15	3.0%
0.489	15	3.0%
0.605	14	2.8%
0.693	14	2.8%
0.74	13	2.6%
0.544	12	2.4%
Other values (71)	349	69.0%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.385	1	0.2%
0.389	1	0.2%
0.392	2	0.4%
0.394	1	0.2%
0.398	2	0.4%
0.4	4	0.8%
0.401	3	0.6%
0.403	3	0.6%
0.404	3	0.6%
0.405	3	0.6%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.871	16	3.2%
0.77	8	1.6%
0.74	13	2.6%
0.718	6	1.2%
0.713	18	3.6%
0.7	11	2.2%
0.693	14	2.8%
0.679	8	1.6%
0.671	7	1.4%
0.668	3	0.6%

RM
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct	446
Distinct (%)	88.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	6.284634387
Minimum	3.561
Maximum	8.78
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	4.1 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	3.561
5-th percentile	5.314
Q1	5.8855
median	6.2085
Q3	6.6235
95-th percentile	7.5875
Maximum	8.78
Range	5.219
Interquartile range (IQR)	0.738

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	0.7026171434
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.1117992074
Kurtosis	1.891500366
Mean	6.284634387
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0.3455
Skewness	0.4036121333
Sum	3180.025
Variance	0.4936708502
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
6.167	3	0.6%
6.405	3	0.6%
5.713	3	0.6%
6.417	3	0.6%
6.127	3	0.6%
6.229	3	0.6%
5.39	2	0.4%
5.304	2	0.4%
6.968	2	0.4%
6.009	2	0.4%
Other values (436)	480	94.9%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
3.561	1	0.2%
3.863	1	0.2%
4.138	2	0.4%
4.368	1	0.2%
4.519	1	0.2%
4.628	1	0.2%
4.652	1	0.2%
4.88	1	0.2%
4.903	1	0.2%
4.906	1	0.2%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
8.78	1	0.2%
8.725	1	0.2%
8.704	1	0.2%
8.398	1	0.2%
8.375	1	0.2%
8.337	1	0.2%
8.297	1	0.2%
8.266	1	0.2%
8.259	1	0.2%
8.247	1	0.2%

AGE
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct	356
Distinct (%)	70.4%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	68.57490119
Minimum	2.9
Maximum	100
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	4.1 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	2.9
5-th percentile	17.725
Q1	45.025
median	77.5
Q3	94.075
95-th percentile	100
Maximum	100
Range	97.1
Interquartile range (IQR)	49.05

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	28.14886141
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.410483441
Kurtosis	-0.9677155942
Mean	68.57490119
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	19.55
Skewness	-0.5989626399
Sum	34698.9
Variance	792.3583985
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
100	43	8.5%
97.9	4	0.8%
96	4	0.8%
95.4	4	0.8%
98.2	4	0.8%
87.9	4	0.8%
98.8	4	0.8%
97.4	3	0.6%
94.1	3	0.6%
96.2	3	0.6%
Other values (346)	430	85.0%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
2.9	1	0.2%
6	1	0.2%
6.2	1	0.2%
6.5	1	0.2%
6.6	2	0.4%
6.8	1	0.2%
7.8	2	0.4%
8.4	1	0.2%
8.9	1	0.2%
9.8	1	0.2%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
100	43	8.5%
99.3	1	0.2%
99.1	1	0.2%
98.9	3	0.6%
98.8	4	0.8%
98.7	1	0.2%
98.5	1	0.2%
98.4	2	0.4%
98.3	2	0.4%
98.2	4	0.8%

DIS
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct	412
Distinct (%)	81.4%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	3.795042688
Minimum	1.1296
Maximum	12.1265
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	4.1 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	1.1296
5-th percentile	1.461975
Q1	2.100175
median	3.20745
Q3	5.188425
95-th percentile	7.8278
Maximum	12.1265
Range	10.9969
Interquartile range (IQR)	3.08825

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	2.105710127
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.5548580872
Kurtosis	0.4879411222
Mean	3.795042688
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	1.29115
Skewness	1.011780579
Sum	1920.2916
Variance	4.434015137
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
3.4952	5	1.0%
5.7209	4	0.8%
5.2873	4	0.8%
6.8147	4	0.8%
5.4007	4	0.8%
7.8278	3	0.6%
3.9454	3	0.6%
7.309	3	0.6%
5.4917	3	0.6%
6.4798	3	0.6%
Other values (402)	470	92.9%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1.1296	1	0.2%
1.137	1	0.2%
1.1691	1	0.2%
1.1742	1	0.2%
1.1781	1	0.2%
1.2024	1	0.2%
1.2852	1	0.2%
1.3163	1	0.2%
1.3216	1	0.2%
1.3325	1	0.2%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
12.1265	1	0.2%
10.7103	2	0.4%
10.5857	2	0.4%
9.2229	1	0.2%
9.2203	2	0.4%
9.1876	1	0.2%
9.0892	1	0.2%
8.9067	2	0.4%
8.7921	2	0.4%
8.6966	1	0.2%

RAD
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct	9
Distinct (%)	1.8%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	9.549407115
Minimum	1
Maximum	24
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	4.1 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	1
5-th percentile	2
Q1	4
median	5
Q3	24
95-th percentile	24
Maximum	24
Range	23
Interquartile range (IQR)	20

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	8.707259384
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.9118115166
Kurtosis	-0.8672319936
Mean	9.549407115
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	2
Skewness	1.004814648
Sum	4832
Variance	75.81636598
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=9)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
24	132	26.1%
5	115	22.7%
4	110	21.7%
3	38	7.5%
6	26	5.1%
2	24	4.7%
8	24	4.7%
1	20	4.0%
7	17	3.4%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1	20	4.0%
2	24	4.7%
3	38	7.5%
4	110	21.7%
5	115	22.7%
6	26	5.1%
7	17	3.4%
8	24	4.7%
24	132	26.1%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
24	132	26.1%
8	24	4.7%
7	17	3.4%
6	26	5.1%
5	115	22.7%
4	110	21.7%
3	38	7.5%
2	24	4.7%
1	20	4.0%

TAX
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct	66
Distinct (%)	13.0%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	408.2371542
Minimum	187
Maximum	711
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	4.1 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	187
5-th percentile	222
Q1	279
median	330
Q3	666
95-th percentile	666
Maximum	711
Range	524
Interquartile range (IQR)	387

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	168.5371161
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.4128411987
Kurtosis	-1.142407992
Mean	408.2371542
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	73
Skewness	0.6699559418
Sum	206568
Variance	28404.75949
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
666	132	26.1%
307	40	7.9%
403	30	5.9%
437	15	3.0%
304	14	2.8%
264	12	2.4%
398	12	2.4%
384	11	2.2%
277	11	2.2%
330	10	2.0%
Other values (56)	219	43.3%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
187	1	0.2%
188	7	1.4%
193	8	1.6%
198	1	0.2%
216	5	1.0%
222	7	1.4%
223	5	1.0%
224	10	2.0%
226	1	0.2%
233	9	1.8%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
711	5	1.0%
666	132	26.1%
469	1	0.2%
437	15	3.0%
432	9	1.8%
430	3	0.6%
422	1	0.2%
411	2	0.4%
403	30	5.9%
402	2	0.4%

PTRATIO
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct	46
Distinct (%)	9.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	18.4555336
Minimum	12.6
Maximum	22
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	4.1 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	12.6
5-th percentile	14.7
Q1	17.4
median	19.05
Q3	20.2
95-th percentile	21
Maximum	22
Range	9.4
Interquartile range (IQR)	2.8

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	2.164945524
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.1173060379
Kurtosis	-0.2850913833
Mean	18.4555336
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	1.15
Skewness	-0.8023249269
Sum	9338.5
Variance	4.686989121
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=46)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
20.2	140	27.7%
14.7	34	6.7%
21	27	5.3%
17.8	23	4.5%
19.2	19	3.8%
17.4	18	3.6%
18.6	17	3.4%
19.1	17	3.4%
16.6	16	3.2%
18.4	16	3.2%
Other values (36)	179	35.4%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
12.6	3	0.6%
13	12	2.4%
13.6	1	0.2%
14.4	1	0.2%
14.7	34	6.7%
14.8	3	0.6%
14.9	4	0.8%
15.1	1	0.2%
15.2	13	2.6%
15.3	3	0.6%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
22	2	0.4%
21.2	15	3.0%
21.1	1	0.2%
21	27	5.3%
20.9	11	2.2%
20.2	140	27.7%
20.1	5	1.0%
19.7	8	1.6%
19.6	8	1.6%
19.2	19	3.8%

B
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct	357
Distinct (%)	70.6%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	356.6740316
Minimum	0.32
Maximum	396.9
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	4.1 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0.32
5-th percentile	84.59
Q1	375.3775
median	391.44
Q3	396.225
95-th percentile	396.9
Maximum	396.9
Range	396.58
Interquartile range (IQR)	20.8475

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	91.29486438
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.255961624
Kurtosis	7.226817549
Mean	356.6740316
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	5.46
Skewness	-2.890373712
Sum	180477.06
Variance	8334.752263
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
396.9	121	23.9%
395.24	3	0.6%
393.74	3	0.6%
394.12	2	0.4%
395.56	2	0.4%
390.94	2	0.4%
388.45	2	0.4%
393.23	2	0.4%
396.21	2	0.4%
393.37	2	0.4%
Other values (347)	365	72.1%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.32	1	0.2%
2.52	1	0.2%
2.6	1	0.2%
3.5	1	0.2%
3.65	1	0.2%
6.68	1	0.2%
7.68	1	0.2%
9.32	1	0.2%
10.48	1	0.2%
16.45	1	0.2%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
396.9	121	23.9%
396.42	1	0.2%
396.33	1	0.2%
396.3	1	0.2%
396.28	1	0.2%
396.24	1	0.2%
396.23	1	0.2%
396.21	2	0.4%
396.14	1	0.2%
396.06	2	0.4%

LSTAT
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct	455
Distinct (%)	89.9%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	12.65306324
Minimum	1.73
Maximum	37.97
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	4.1 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	1.73
5-th percentile	3.7075
Q1	6.95
median	11.36
Q3	16.955
95-th percentile	26.8075
Maximum	37.97
Range	36.24
Interquartile range (IQR)	10.005

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	7.141061511
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.5643741263
Kurtosis	0.4932395174
Mean	12.65306324
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	4.795
Skewness	0.9064600936
Sum	6402.45
Variance	50.99475951
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
8.05	3	0.6%
6.36	3	0.6%
18.13	3	0.6%
14.1	3	0.6%
7.79	3	0.6%
18.46	2	0.4%
9.97	2	0.4%
5.33	2	0.4%
10.45	2	0.4%
6.72	2	0.4%
Other values (445)	481	95.1%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1.73	1	0.2%
1.92	1	0.2%
1.98	1	0.2%
2.47	1	0.2%
2.87	1	0.2%
2.88	1	0.2%
2.94	1	0.2%
2.96	1	0.2%
2.97	1	0.2%
2.98	1	0.2%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
37.97	1	0.2%
36.98	1	0.2%
34.77	1	0.2%
34.41	1	0.2%
34.37	1	0.2%
34.02	1	0.2%
31.99	1	0.2%
30.81	2	0.4%
30.63	1	0.2%
30.62	1	0.2%

Pearson's r

The Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) is a measure of linear correlation between two variables. It's value lies between -1 and +1, -1 indicating total negative linear correlation, 0 indicating no linear correlation and 1 indicating total positive linear correlation. Furthermore, r is invariant under separate changes in location and scale of the two variables, implying that for a linear function the angle to the x-axis does not affect r.

To calculate r for two variables X and Y, one divides the covariance of X and Y by the product of their standard deviations.

Spearman's ρ

The Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (ρ) is a measure of monotonic correlation between two variables, and is therefore better in catching nonlinear monotonic correlations than Pearson's r. It's value lies between -1 and +1, -1 indicating total negative monotonic correlation, 0 indicating no monotonic correlation and 1 indicating total positive monotonic correlation.

To calculate ρ for two variables X and Y, one divides the covariance of the rank variables of X and Y by the product of their standard deviations.

Kendall's τ

Similarly to Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, the Kendall rank correlation coefficient (τ) measures ordinal association between two variables. It's value lies between -1 and +1, -1 indicating total negative correlation, 0 indicating no correlation and 1 indicating total positive correlation.

To calculate τ for two variables X and Y, one determines the number of concordant and discordant pairs of observations. τ is given by the number of concordant pairs minus the discordant pairs divided by the total number of pairs.

Phik (φk)

Phik (φk) is a new and practical correlation coefficient that works consistently between categorical, ordinal and interval variables, captures non-linear dependency and reverts to the Pearson correlation coefficient in case of a bivariate normal input distribution. There is extensive documentation available here.

Cramér's V (φc)

Cramér's V is an association measure for nominal random variables. The coefficient ranges from 0 to 1, with 0 indicating independence and 1 indicating perfect association. The empirical estimators used for Cramér's V have been proved to be biased, even for large samples. We use a bias-corrected measure that has been proposed by Bergsma in 2013 that can be found here.

Count
Matrix

A simple visualization of nullity by column.

Nullity matrix is a data-dense display which lets you quickly visually pick out patterns in data completion.

First rows

	TOWN	TOWNNO	TRACT	LON	LAT	MEDV	CMEDV	CRIM	ZN	INDUS	NOX	RM	AGE	DIS	RAD	TAX	PTRATIO	B	LSTAT
0	Nahant	0	2011	-70.9550	42.2550	24.0	24.0	0.00632	18.0	2.31	0.538	6.575	65.2	4.0900	1	296	15.3	396.90	4.98
1	Swampscott	1	2021	-70.9500	42.2875	21.6	21.6	0.02731	0.0	7.07	0.469	6.421	78.9	4.9671	2	242	17.8	396.90	9.14
2	Swampscott	1	2022	-70.9360	42.2830	34.7	34.7	0.02729	0.0	7.07	0.469	7.185	61.1	4.9671	2	242	17.8	392.83	4.03
3	Marblehead	2	2031	-70.9280	42.2930	33.4	33.4	0.03237	0.0	2.18	0.458	6.998	45.8	6.0622	3	222	18.7	394.63	2.94
4	Marblehead	2	2032	-70.9220	42.2980	36.2	36.2	0.06905	0.0	2.18	0.458	7.147	54.2	6.0622	3	222	18.7	396.90	5.33
5	Marblehead	2	2033	-70.9165	42.3040	28.7	28.7	0.02985	0.0	2.18	0.458	6.430	58.7	6.0622	3	222	18.7	394.12	5.21
6	Salem	3	2041	-70.9360	42.2970	22.9	22.9	0.08829	12.5	7.87	0.524	6.012	66.6	5.5605	5	311	15.2	395.60	12.43
7	Salem	3	2042	-70.9375	42.3100	27.1	22.1	0.14455	12.5	7.87	0.524	6.172	96.1	5.9505	5	311	15.2	396.90	19.15
8	Salem	3	2043	-70.9330	42.3120	16.5	16.5	0.21124	12.5	7.87	0.524	5.631	100.0	6.0821	5	311	15.2	386.63	29.93
9	Salem	3	2044	-70.9290	42.3160	18.9	18.9	0.17004	12.5	7.87	0.524	6.004	85.9	6.5921	5	311	15.2	386.71	17.10

Last rows

	TOWN	TOWNNO	TRACT	LON	LAT	MEDV	CMEDV	CRIM	INDUS	NOX	RM	AGE	DIS	RAD	TAX	PTRATIO	B	LSTAT
496	Revere	90	1704	-71.0010	42.2525	19.7	19.7	0.28960	9.69	0.585	5.390	72.9	2.7986	6	391	19.2	396.90	21.14
497	Revere	90	1705	-70.9947	42.2496	18.3	18.3	0.26838	9.69	0.585	5.794	70.6	2.8927	6	391	19.2	396.90	14.10
498	Revere	90	1706	-71.0050	42.2455	21.2	21.2	0.23912	9.69	0.585	6.019	65.3	2.4091	6	391	19.2	396.90	12.92
499	Revere	90	1707	-70.9985	42.2430	17.5	17.5	0.17783	9.69	0.585	5.569	73.5	2.3999	6	391	19.2	395.77	15.10
500	Revere	90	1708	-70.9920	42.2380	16.8	16.8	0.22438	9.69	0.585	6.027	79.7	2.4982	6	391	19.2	396.90	14.33
501	Winthrop	91	1801	-70.9860	42.2312	22.4	22.4	0.06263	11.93	0.573	6.593	69.1	2.4786	1	273	21.0	391.99	9.67
502	Winthrop	91	1802	-70.9910	42.2275	20.6	20.6	0.04527	11.93	0.573	6.120	76.7	2.2875	1	273	21.0	396.90	9.08
503	Winthrop	91	1803	-70.9948	42.2260	23.9	23.9	0.06076	11.93	0.573	6.976	91.0	2.1675	1	273	21.0	396.90	5.64
504	Winthrop	91	1804	-70.9875	42.2240	22.0	22.0	0.10959	11.93	0.573	6.794	89.3	2.3889	1	273	21.0	393.45	6.48
505	Winthrop	91	1805	-70.9825	42.2210	11.9	19.0	0.04741	11.93	0.573	6.030	80.8	2.5050	1	273	21.0	396.90	7.88

Overview

Variables

Most occurring characters

Most occurring categories

Most frequent character per category

Most occurring scripts

Most frequent character per script

Most occurring blocks

Most frequent character per block

Most occurring characters

Most occurring categories

Most frequent character per category

Most occurring scripts

Most frequent character per script

Most occurring blocks

Most frequent character per block

Interactions

Correlations

Pearson's r

Spearman's ρ

Kendall's τ

Phik (φk)

Cramér's V (φc)

Missing values

Sample

First rows

Last rows